2010

In December 2009, Troop Command Soldiers participated in Exercise YAMA SAKURA 57 (Japanese for mountain cherry blossom) for the second straight year focusing on the development and refinement of the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and U.S. Army Japan (USARJ) efforts in the areas of bilateral planning, coordination, and interoperability through training.

Troop Command provided aviation expertise in Exercise COBRA GOLD 2010, a joint/ combined exercise designed to ensure regional peace and strengthen the ability of the Royal Thai Armed Forces to defend Thailand or respond to regional contingencies.

Troop Command participated in Exercise TIGER BALM 10 for the second straight year and had the opportunity to host the Singapore Armed Forces this year at 298th RTI. Troop Command orchestrated the technical and tactical expertise performing as an operationalized Infantry Brigade Combat Team (kinetic and non-kinetic capabilities) as well as provided the life support of logistic, administrative, and transportation services in Exercise TIGER BALM for the third straight year with the Singapore Armed Forces along with Soldiers and Airmen from Oregon, Washington, Arizona, California, and Guam.

– 2010 Annual Report pp. 11-12

2011

The 103rd Troop Command’s mobilization activity was in high gear as two units deployed and other units prepared to deploy for the second time. The Soldiers from the Hawaii Guard also participate in joint and combined command exercises to hone their skills and to foster partnerships with staffs from different nations. . .

In December 2009, Troop Command Soldiers participated in YAMA SAKURA 57 (Japanese for mountain cherry blossom) for the second straight year focusing on the development and refinement of the Japan Self-Defense Forces (JSDF) and U.S. Army Japan (USARJ) efforts in the areas of bilateral planning, coordination, and interoperability through training.

Troop Command provided aviation expertise in Exercise COBRA GOLD 2010, a joint/combined exercise designed to ensure regional peace and strengthen the ability of the Royal Thai Armed Forces to defend Thailand or respond to regional contingencies.

Troop Command participated in Exercise TIGER BALM 10 for the second straight year and had the opportunity to host the Singapore Armed Forces this year at 298th RTI. Troop Command orchestrated the technical and tactical expertise performing as an operationalized Infantry Brigade Combat Team (kinetic and non-kinetic capabilities) as well as provided the life support of logistic, administrative, and transportation services in Exercise TIGER BALM for the third straight year with the Singapore Armed Forces along with Soldiers and Airmen from Oregon, Washington, Arizona, California, and Guam.

– 2011 Annual Report pp. 11-12

2012

JFHQ-HI Joint Staff (to include DOMS) are a key component/ participant in the State of Hawaii’s annual hurricane response Exercise MAKANI PAHILI (MP).This year, the Joint Staff planned, coordinated, and executed plans which validated, mobilized, & deployed components of its Specialized Hazard Assistance Response Capability (SHARC) Team, as well as, established a Forward Emergency Operations Center at a remote/neighbor island (simulated) Incident Site. The JFHQ-HI hosted LIGHTNING RESCUE (LR) which is Joint Task Force Homeland Defense (T10 Forces) annual Pandemic Influenzas / Infectious Disease/ Bio-threat exercise. LR12 was a two day Table Top Exercise which focused on updating and synchronizing (memo of understanding) MOUs between federal, state, and local agencies in response to an Asia-Pacific generated threat migrating thru the central pacific and beyond via international travel patterns.

The JFHQ-HI Joint Staff also hosted a Joint Staff Training Course (JSTC) (sponsored by USNORTHCOM) which updated and informed HING personnel on the most current TTPs nationwide. Homeland Response Force (HRF) planning initiatives to support a catastrophic CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) event within the State of Hawaii or FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) Region IX. This is in collaboration with supporting States of FEMA Region IX California, Nevada, Arizona, and the Islands of U.S. interest in the Pacific (Territory of Guam, Commonwealth of Northern Marianas, Republic of the Marshall Islands, and Federal States of Micronesia).

– 2012 Annual Report pp. 5

Exercise MAKANI PAHILI, May – June: The exercise is an annual exercise conducted on Oahu by the Hawaii National Guard and State Civil Defense, and other agencies to respond to a CAT III-IV hurricane and establish a Tactical Operations Center in order to provide Command and Control of forces in support
of post-landfall response and recovery.

Exercise GARUDA SHIELD, June: The exercise is a Brigade level Command Post exercise conducted in Indonesia to strengthen the key partner relationship between the Indonesian and United States militaries, which will enhance regional peacekeeping ability and enhance interoperability.

Exercise TIGER BALM, June: The exercise is an exercise conducted on Oahu with the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). It was a Brigade-level Command Post exercise, whose mission was to enhance the long-standing relationships between the SAF and the U.S. Army. The 29th IBCT participated with the Singapore Army in at the 298th Multi-functional Training Unit (RTI) located at Bellows Air Force Station in Waimanalo, Hawaii.

Exercise PANTHER STRIKE June: The exercise is a multi-state Brigade-level National Guard exercise for intelligence professionals conducted in Camp Williams, Utah. The mission was, while operating in a field environment, to provide training and hands-on experience simulating intelligence collection and analysis in a deployment scenario.

Exercise SOUTHERN ACCORD, August:The exercise is conducted in Gaborone, Botswana. The mission of the exercise was to expand the capabilities of, build partnership capacity, and enhance the interoperability of the U.S. and Botswana forces.

– 2012 Annual Report pp. 10

2013

Operational Command and Control Forward Cell established This past year JDOMS established a first-ever operational command and control forward cell to replicate National Guard support to one of the island county civil defense facilities. Together with members from the Disaster Assistance Response Team – West (DART-W) headquartered in Texas, the Hawaii Guard successfully deployed, sustained, and redeployed an operational command and control cell for a two week period in June. This C2 Forward received, processed, and managed numerous time sensitive mission requests replicating conditions likely to occur in a real disaster response.

The training culminated with the execution of a relief in-place with the Hawaii’s JDOM’s operations staff transferring mission responsibilities to 18 members of the DART-W team. This successful mission is a steppingstone to future all-hazards scenario-based field training exercises.

At the hub of all operational information sharing is the Hawaii Guard’s Joint Operations Center (JOC). It is in the JOC that Hawaii Guard Soldiers and Airmen stand at the ready to expedite critical information requirements and interagency messaging. Specific to Hawaii’s JOC is the integration of the Pacific Disaster Center’s RAPIDS program that offers real-time all-hazards imagery and live disaster related data that serves as an essential element in the JOCs common operating picture (COP). It is with the COP that members of JDOMS JOC team can quickly access critical operation’s information necessary in the development of warning orders, and operations orders. This year the Hawaii JOC has extended its information sharing by achieving connectivity with Pacific Command, Nothern Command, U.S. Army Pacific, Pacific Air Force, and other federal and state entities.

– 2013 Annual Report pp. 6

This year Hawaii JDOMS conducted several Subject Mater Expert Exchanges with numerous Pacific partners. Specifically, the Hawaii CBRNE Emergency Response Force Package or CERF-P has been at the forefront of establishing a kind of CERF-P University that demonstrated technical aspects of the Urban Search and Rescue. In September, 21 members of the Hawaii CERF-P went to the Philippines and Taiwan to train alongside host nation military and emergency responders. They conducted search and extraction techniques, casualty extraction and transport, as well as swift water training. This exchange of “best practices” has facilitated a very dynamic reciprocal relationship among and its partner nations in the Pacific.

– 2013 Annual Report pp. 6

Participant in Exercise SABRE JUNCTION, foreign consequence management exercise in Grafenwohr, Germany, January 2013

– 2013 Annual Report pp. 9

103rd Troop Command . . . Participated in the multilateral Exercise GARUDA SHIELD in Indonesia

– 2013 Annual Report pp. 10

230th Engineer Company (Vertical) . . . Participated in the multi-lateral Exercise ANGKOR SENTINEL,
Cambodia, May 2013.

– 2013 Annual Report pp. 11

The 109th AOG also supported many high-visibility exercises within the U.S. Pacific Command’s area of responsibility. These included: TALISMAN SABRE in Australia, COBRA GOLD in Thailand, YAMA SAKURA in Japan, and KEEN EDGE and ULCHIFREEDOM GUARDIAN in Korea.

– 2013 Annual Report pp. 19

2014

The two major exercises for the HING Joint Staff were the Pacific Theater Engagement 2014 (PTE14) and hurricane Exercise MAKANI PAHILI. These HING events were critical in preparing the HING Joint Staff for real world natural disasters in August and October of 2014. The PTE14 scenario was an 8.6 earthquake occurring in the Aleutian Islands and generating a tsunami that reached Hawaii and caused major coastal
damage. PTE14 exercise validated HING’s ability to respond to a catastrophic event with a joint Title 10 and Title 32 staff working under the command of a dual status commander. MAKANI PAHILI, held Jun. 2-6, exercised the HING’s role in responding to a category 4 hurricane that impacts all the counties throughout the State of Hawaii. The HING once again exercised the Joint Task Force 50 the dual status commander and the Title 10/32 Joint Staff.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 4-5

Po‘oihe (“Tip of the Spear”) Cyber security exercise As a follow-on to last year, the HIDOD CIO again partnered with the University of Hawaii and NIATEC to host the second annual Po‘oihe cyber security
exercise during July. It brought together cyber security professions statewide to exercise their cyber defense skills and provide a local collaborative relationship building environment. This year’s Po‘oihe exercise was a resounding success with participants from not only Hawaii but California, Idaho, and
Japan making it an emerging international event.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 5

Exercise/training events with county, state and federal/military agencies

• Hawaii State hurricane Exercise MAKANI PAHILI – working alongside the Honolulu Fire Department; conducting environmental safety assessments, and search and rescue operations
• Maui County WMD/terrorist exercise
• Hawaii County (Hilo) WMD/terrorist exercise
• Hawaii County Kona Int’l Airport active shooter/WMD response exercise
• Honolulu County Kaimalu O’Hawaii WMD maritime terrorist exercise
• Molokai/Lanai HAZMAT operations level response exercises
• Kauai County WMD/terrorist exercise

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 7

Earthquake Exercise VIGILANT GUARD, held in Alaska – deployed 122 Hawaii Army and 57 Air National Guardsmen to Alaska in response to a simulated 9.3 earthquake in Anchorage. Conducted joint search and extraction, mass casualty decontamination and medical triage missions
Hawaii State hurricane Exercise MAKANI PAHILI – worked in conjunction with Department of Emergency Management, Honolulu Fire Department, Emergency Medical Services as well as Hawaii K-9 (Live-Find and Cadaver Dog) search teams on a multi-venue search and rescue event at Bellows Air Force Station training area.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 7

HIARNG provided individuals and an adhoc staff to fill joint staff positions within the US Forces Korea (USFK), and the 2nd Operational Command, ROK Army during Exercise KEY RESOLVE and ULCHI FOCUS GUARDIAN 2014. The goal for the HIARNG is to establish a habitual relationship with USFK and 2OC in order for HIARNG to provide trained personnel who can fill key billets in these joint staffs with no train up required.

Mission commanded Hawaii National Guard units and coordinated efforts with active duty units in the Pacific Theater Event tsunami exercise, the state’s hurricane Exercise MAKANI PAHILI, and conducted
National Guard Domestic Operation support for Hurricane Iselle and Hurricane Ana.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 8

Selected personnel from the Brigade participated in the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting-Plus Exercise, a table top exercise on Peace Keeping Operations to provide a better understanding of the UN Infantry Battalion Manual, TTPs, and sharing best practices in terms of force generation, pre-deployment
training, sustainment and operations in Manila, Philippines, Feb. 10-14, 2014. . .

Participated in Exercise KEY RESOLVE, a Combined Forces Command and Republic of Korea crisis management and warfighting exercise that provided invaluable opportunities to evaluate, train, and improve combined and joint coordination, procedures, plans and systems necessary for the conduct of contingency operations by ROK and US forces. Yongsan, Korea, Feb. 16 to Mar. 8, 2014.

Participated in Exercise IMMEDIATE RESPONSE, a multinational exercise to sustain the military partnerships that exists in the Balkan region and enhancing each nation’s ability to contribute to NATO missions in the years ahead. Zagreb, Croatia, Aug. 12-30, 2013.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 9-10

227th Brigade Engineer Battalion . . . Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and High Yield Explosive (CBRNE) Enhanced Response Force Package (CERFP) support to the multi-agency Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Response Search and Rescue exercise in Taiwan, September 2013.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 10

103rd Troop Command . . .Participated as a brigade-level staff in the multilateral Exercise GARUDA SHIELD in Indonesia.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 10

230th Engineer Company (Vertical) . . . Participated in the multi-lateral Exercise ANGKOR SENTINEL, Cambodia, May 2013.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 10

F-22 Raptor pilots and maintenance personnel flew to Malaysia in May 2014 for Exercise COPE TAUFAN. The exercise, held in conjunction with the Royal Malaysian

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 19

In March 2014, the 199th Fighter Squadron hosted its largest SENTRY ALOHA exercise to date. Exercise SENTRY ALOHA’s mission is to provide the Air National Guard, U.S. Air Force and DoD counterparts
a multi-faceted, joint venue, with supporting infrastructure and personnel that incorporates current, realistic, integrated training to equip the warfighter with the skill sets necessary to fly, fight and win. In previous years, SENTRY ALOHA would typically involve one or two visiting units for Dissimilar Air Combat Training. However, the exercise has grown to provide even more complex and highly realistic training scenarios. More than 350 visiting airmen and nearly 50 aircraft from five states participated in this iteration. Other fighter squadron exercises included COMBAT ARCHER at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida and Rapid Raptor in Wake Island. . .

C-17 aircraft flown by members of the 204th Airlift Squadron were also busy performing vital missions around the world, including Wake Island for RAPID RAPTOR and Exercise BALIKATAN in the Philippines

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 19-20

Thirteen Airmen from the 201st Intelligence Squadron volunteered to deploy for operations within the CENTCOM AOR from October 2013 to September 2014. The 109th AOG also supported many high visibility exercises within the U.S. Pacific Command’s area of responsibility. These included: GEMA BAHKTI in Indonesia, COBRA GOLD in Thailand and BALIKATAN in the Philippines.

– 2014 Annual Report pp. 20

2015

HIARNG provided individuals and an adhoc staff to fill joint staff positions within the US Forces Korea (USFK), and the 2nd Operational Command, ROK Army during Exercise KEY RESOLVE and ULCHI FOCUS GUARDIAN 2014. The goal for the HIARNG is to establish a habitual relationship with USFK and 2OC in order for HIARNG to provide trained personnel who can fill key billets in these joint staffs with no train up required

– 2015 Annual Report pp. 8

88 Soldiers from 29th IBCT participated in Tiger Balm 2015, held in Singapore in July 2014.

– 2015 Annual Report pp. 9

1st Battalion, 299th Calvary Squadron

• 30 Soldiers from Troop B participated in Exercise PACIFIC PATHWAYS, held in Indonesia in September 2014.
• 30 Soldiers from Troop A participated in Operation COMBINED RESOLVE III, held at the Joint Military Readiness Center, Hohenfles, Germany in November 2014.
• Two Soldiers from Troop C served as trainer/advisors in the Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI), held at Malaysia in August 2015
• Eight Soldiers from HHT and Troop B participated in Exercise TIGER BALM 2015, held at Singapore and Schofield Barracks in July 2015

– 2015 Annual Report pp. 9

1st Battalion, 487th Field Artillery
The Hiki No battalion performed its two week live fire annual training at Pohakulao Training Area in June 2015. The unit fired over a 1000 rounds of 155mm and 105mm using their recently fielded M777 Digital Howitzer and M109 A3 Digital Howitzer. The training event showed the 487th’s new fire power, firing rounds down range with precision.

– 2015 Annual Report pp. 9

Detachment 1, Company A, 3rd Battalion, 140th Aviation Regiment (Security and Support with Lakota LUH-72) . . . One Lakota LUH-72 and six personnel currently deployed in direct support of Operation PHALANX, Laredo/Harlingen, Texas

– 2015 Annual Report pp. 11

In January 2015 and again in March, the HIANG hosted two separate Exercise SENTRY ALOHA events. Each exercise had more than a thousand participants from the HIANG, and other Air National Guard, U.S. Air Force, Navy and Marine flying units from across the country. The purpose of SENTRY ALOHA is to provide complex and realistic fighter training for the HIANG’s F-22s and other warfighters. The exercises provided realistic scenarios during the lead up of the unit’s planned deployment to the Middle East, scheduled for October 2015. Other major exercises involving members of the 154th Operations Group included Neptune Falcon at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada; Balikatan in the Philippines; Exercise COBRA GOLD in Thailand; Exercise TALISMAN SABRE in Australia; and Exercise NORTHERN EDGE at Eielson, AFB, Alaska.

– 2015 Annual Report pp. 20

1 / 487th Field Artillery Live fire training

Hawaii Army National Guard’s 1st / the 487th Field Artillery Battalion held annual training at Pohakuloa Training Area during the first two weeks of June. The 1/487 FA BN’s mission to provide timely, accurate and lethal fires in support of Unified Land Operations has recently been enhanced through its annual training.

During this year’s annual training the 1/487 Soldiers conducted the following training events: They held unit movement operations of personnel and equipment via LSV and C-17 to and from Hawaii County. The unit’s firing batteries qualified their howitzer sections and their fire direction control sections in the delivery of fires with mission ranging from fire for effect, illumination, hip shoots, out of traverse, high angle and low angle missions. 487th conducted over 100 fire missions and expended over 2000 rounds of ammunition. Fire Support Team – Support Cells where certified in planning and executing fires in support of maneuver operations. Fire supporters conducted over 100 fire missions. Fire supporters were also able to successfully conduct fire support operations using the ruggedized hand-held computer that allowed rapid mission processing and accurate target location from sensor to shooter. 487th achieved 100% digital mission processing for all fire missions. They also conducted a mass casualty training exercise that allowed 487’s Medical Platoon to exercise its triage and treatment process as well as incorporating casualty and medical evaluation operations. The medical exercise was a joint exercise that included Navy Corpsmen. The exercise certified medical sections in their medical tasks and also provided an atmosphere for both services to share medical TTPs.

– 2015 June Pūpūkahi pp. 6

Company B, 777th Aviation Support Battalion Conducts Downed Aircraft Recovery Team Exercise

117th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment (Hawaii)
Story by Pfc. Paul Berzinas

WAHAIWA, Hawaii – Soldiers from Company B, 777th Aviation Support Battalion (including Detachments 1, 2 and 3), conducted Downed Aircraft Recovery Team training June 12, 2015 at Schofield Barracks.

The exercise was intended to prepare the various components of the 777th ASB to work together to recover a disabled aircraft when deployed, said Spc. Tobias Vidaurri, a CH-47 Chinook mechanic from Company B.

Company B has received a notification of sourcing for a deployment in the near future. The last time the unit deployed was in 2012, when it was sent to Kosovo. The last three times the 777th ASB has deployed, it hasn’t done so with its detachments. The scheduled deployment will be the company’s first deployment with Detachments 1, 2 and 3.

Consequently, this annual training is the first one the unit has conducted with the detachments.

Company B consists of Army National Guard units from Wyoming, Virginia, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, all of whom were present for the training, said Vidaurri.

“It’s very important for us to know what we are doing when we go in country,” said Vidaurri. “So for us to have a chance to get hands-on [training] aside from our regular drill days, I feel like this is an invaluable experience.”

The DART exercise was an important step in improving the mission-readiness of the company, said Sgt. Kalen Komoda, an aircraft structural repairer from Company B.

As a whole, the DART training will enable the unit to react effectively to an actual downed aircraft situation, if ever one arises, said Vidaurri.

“In our training environment we don’t have to worry about any hostile forces coming and attempting to take the helicopter from us,” said Vidaurri. “That may not be the case in country though.”

The DART training was designed to teach the company to move quickly to recover a downed aircraft, which is critical to reducing the amount of time spent in harm’s way, said Vidaurri.

“Right now what we’re working on is trying to hone our skills to the point where we can get in and get out with a minimal amount of time spent being exposed,” said Vidaurri.

The training was important because it brought soldiers from different areas together.

“I’m from Maui, so I only see these soldiers once a month,” said Komoda. “So this training is really good for giving me a sense of how things are run.”

Involving soldiers from multiple geographic locations is an important aspect of preparing the company, said Vidaurri.

“We do get to meet new people during this time and we get to make new friends, which is important for when we go on deployments,” said Vidaurri. “It’s good to know someone that can have your back while you’re out there.”

Training as a company gives soldiers from different places valuable experience working together to accomplish the mission, said Vidaurri.

“In country it’s very important that everyone work together,” said Vidaurri. “It’s like a well-oiled machine, like a Chinook, if one part is out of place, then we won’t be able to run.”

– 2015 July Pūpūkahi pp. 3 & 6

2016

2017

2018

29th Infantry Brigade Combat Team Soldiers participate in annual training to prepare for deployment

117th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment (Hawaii) –Story by Sgt. Tinisha Mellein-Fortson – Friday, August 24, 2018

Traditionally, annual training is two weeks, but Soldiers have been engaged with additional deployment training from August 4-24, 2018. Some of the training includes: land navigation, weapons qualification on the M4 rifle and M9 pistol, combat lifesaver skills, physical fitness training and multiple Kosovo culture briefs.

“It’s a little different, it is a twenty one day annual training, it’s a little longer than expected,” said 1st Sgt. Brandon Kumalae of the 29th IBCT. “We are doing specialized weapons training with M9 pistols, not something that everyday Soldiers carry around, and in depth weapons qualifications for the M4 rifle and other specific types of training for Kosovo.”

Although most Soldiers participating in this mission were previously deployed, this is the first deployment for some Soldiers with the 29th IBCT. Spc. Rhodger Savella, a unit supply specialist with the 29th IBCT and a graduate of the Hawaii Army National Guard Youth Challenge Academy, assists in coordinating logistics for the brigade as well as participating in Army warrior tasks during his first annual training.

“The annual training has helped me to be more confident when I get down range and has allowed me to apply my MOS training and take it to the next level during this brigade deployment process,” said Savella.

Another Soldier deploying for first time is Pfc. Alexys Puana, an air defense battle management systems operator, who is also participating in her first annual training. The Pearl City high school graduate is an only child, but this will not be her first-time away from home. She has comfort in knowing she can video chat with her family while overseas.

“I feel the training I am receiving during AT will help me better understand what my role and responsibilities will be when I get in country, “ said Puana.

When asked what they will miss most about Hawaii, both Savella and Puana said they would miss their families, the weather, and the food, but both are excited and looking forward to serving their country, encountering snow for the first time, and having new experiences.

The purpose of the KFOR mission is to contribute to a safe and secure environment, support the international humanitarian effort, and the development of a stable, democratic, multi-ethnic and peaceful Kosovo, and support the development of the Kosovo Security Force.

Training has been carefully planned and made to mimic real life situations that Soldiers may encounter while deployed. The goal is to engage every Soldier in practical simulations and give feedback on what went well and how they could improve.

“We are ready to go tomorrow,” said Kumalae. “I am very confident that we are ready to deploy and ready to do our mission.”

– 2018 Summer Pupukahi pp. 4

2019

F-22 Raptors, along with maintenance and support personnel, conducted logistics capability training at the Kona International Airport in October 2018. The training was done, in case the aircraft, which is normally based at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, ever needed to be diverted to alternate airfields
besides Oahu. The occasion marked the first time the stealthy aircraft had ever been on Hawai‘i Island.

– 2019 Annual Report pp. 21

The HIANG participated in the 7th annual Gema Bahkti 2019. The HING SPP executes the exercise, which is also facilitied by the USINDOPACOM.

Active-duty airmen joined European partners for an international-crisis-response exercise, called Swift Response. While there, the HIANG demonstrated its capability to deploy needed resources in a global theater. Over 5,600 participants were in attendance, including Bulgaria, Croatia, and Romania.

The HIANG also once again participated in the fighter exercise Sentry Aloha. More than 800 Airmen, sailors, and DOD civilians from nine states came together for aircraft combat training. The purpose is to make sure employees get tactical learning experience, rather than just solely doing mission planning. Continued participation in Sentry Aloha helps to build a stronger force.

– 2019 Annual Report pp. 21-22