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It was not until 1903, however, that the present system of annual encampments came into effect. The Militia Bill of 1902 allowed the various National Guard organizations to participate in annual camps of instruction with the regular troops wherever practical, and to be paid fifty cents per day per man for their time. . . .
After this encampment, orders were issued that in the future a camp of at least five days’ duration would be held each year, preferably in conjunction with the regular troops stationed in Hawaii.
On June 10, 1903, the National Guard of Hawaii was ordered to proceed to Camp McKinley to participate with the regular troops in their annual maneuvers. Companies A, B, C, E, F, G and H immediately marched to camp and Company D at Hilo was instructed to proceed to Honolulu as soon as possible to join with the other companies at Camp McKinley. A total of four hundred and one officers and men of the National Guard of Hawaii reported to the commanding officer of the camp. They stayed in camp for five days and during that time received concentrated instruction in the latest military procedure.
In 1906 a two-day encampment was held, but attendance was poor and little interest was shown in the work, due to the low morale of the Guardsmen during these years.
An encampment of the National Guard of Hawaii, participated in by six. companies of the first Infantry, Headquarters and band, one signal company and one hospital company, was held for five days at “Camp. Taft,” on February 20th, 1907. The usual camp orders specifying the list of calls and routine duties were published, guard duty was performed and some drills had. Almost the entire time of the encampment was given up to target practice and work incidental thereto. While in camp the Guard was reviewed by the Commander-in-Chief and inspected in heavy marching order by the inspecting officer, Major R. C. Van Vliet, 10th U.S. Infantry.
No encampment was held in 1908.
An order was issued December 31, 1908, providing for an encampment to be held in February, 1909.
Headquarters First Infantry, N. G. H.,
Honolulu, Oahu, Feb. 11-5th, 1907.
General Order No. 5.
The First Infantry, N. G. H., will assemble under arms at the “Drill Shed” on Tuesday, February 19th, 1907, at 7:30 p. m., in heavy marching order in pursuance of General Order No. 1, A. G. 0., preparatory to going into camp. Officers will wear the blanket roll.
Uniform: Service.
By order of Colonel Jones,
THOS. P. CUMMINS,
Capt. and Adj. 1st Infantry N. G. H.
Headquarters First Infantry, N. G. H.,
Honolulu, Oahu, February 19th, 1907.
General Order No. 6.
Company “E”, 1st Infantry, N. G. H., will constitute the guard which will go on duty at the armory, February 19, at 7 o’clock p. m., and will continue as the guard throughout Tuesday night and upon arrival at Camp Taft. will furnish all detail, provost guard, etc., up and until the time set for guard mounting Wednesday evening.
Promptly at 4:30 Wednesday morning. February 20th the entire command will march from the armory to the Oahu Railway & Land Company depot and entrain for wahiawa.
Immediately upon getting into camp. company Commanders will receive proper tentage, cots, and blankets for their men. and will furnish fatigue parties for latrine, etc.
Companies will alternate in furnishing the guard and all necessary markers on the range throughout the encampment.
Particular attention will be paid to the fact that the limits of “Camp Taff’ will be one mile outside of and around the camp and rifle range and that no man will go outside of such limits without permission in writing to do so. Also that no person not a member of the National Guard is allowed inside of those limits except in accordance with the provisions of this order.
Members and officers of the Dowsett Company. Limited, and their employees will be at liberty to go anywhere within said prohibited limit; with the exception of such camp limits where tents are pitched, from which all persons are prohibited except during the hours set apart for Visitors; unless special authorization is given. such special authorization will be written.
Hours for visitors will be from 9 a. m. until 5 p. m. All visitors entering and leaving camp must enter and leave passing by the guard house, on leaving proceeding in an easterly direction until outside of the camp limits.
AII gates must be kept closed and the use of firearms of any description except on the target ranges is strictly prohibited.
Special attention is called to paragraph 9 of General Order No. 1, A. G. O., elated January 29. 1907, which reads as follows:
‘”The rights of property must be respected and officers and enlisted men must understand that any depredations or the cutting of trees or the killing or wounding of game or animals is strictly prohibited, and that in the case of such depredations even though some may be accidental. payment will be made therefor out of and from the amount due the troops for services and a pro rata reduction will be made from the pay of every officer and enlisted man of the command.
By order of Colonel Jones,
THOS. P. CUMMINS,
Capt. and Adj. 1st Infantry N. G. H.
Headquarters First Infantry, N. G. H.,
Camp Taft, Leilelma, Oahu, Feb. 20th, 1907.
General Order No. I.
For the information of the 1st Infantry N. G. H., the following list of “Service Calls” will be observed until further orders:
Reveille, First Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5:15 A. M.
Position and aiming drill will be conducted by companiesnunder supervision of company officers, between Reveille and mess Calls.
by order of Colonel Jones,
THOS. P. CUMMINS,
Capt. and Adj. 1st Infantry, N. G. H.
Headquarters First Infantry, N. G. H.,
Camp Taft. Leilehua, Oahu, Feb. 20th, 1907.
General Order No. 2.
First Lieut. J. G. Hannah and Second Lieut. H. M. Cooper, 10th U. S. Infantry, are requested to act as instructors to all officers of the National Guard in attendance at “Camp Taft,” and every assistance will be rendered them by officers and members of this command.
By order of Colonel Jones,
THOS. P. CUMMINS,
Capt. and Adj. 1st Infantry, N. G. H.
The First Infantry, National Guard of Hawaii, assembled at the Drill Shed,” Tuesday, February 19, 1907, at 7 :30 p. m., in heavy marching order, preparatory to going into camp, as prescribed in General Order No. 1 A. G. O., dated January 29, 1907.
Company “E”‘ constituted the guard on duty at the Armory, and upon arrival at “Camp Taft,” furnished all details, provost guard, etc., up and until time for Guard Mounting, Wednesday, 4:30 p. m.
Company D”, with three commissioned officers and forty enlisted men, and Company ‘T’ with three commissioned officers and forty-six enlisted men, arrived by the S. S. Claudine at 2:30 a. m., February 20th, 1907, and marched to the Capitol grounds soon after disembarking. Upon their arrival at headquarters, necessary quartermaster and ordnance property was issued to both companies .
At 4:15 a. m. coffee and sandwiches were furnished the entire command.
At 4:30 a. m., “assembly” was sounded, and the command was formed in column of squads, and marched to the Oahu Railway Station, entraining at 5 a. m., from which point 1st Lieut. J. G. Hannah and 2nd Lieut. H. M. Cooper, Sergt. Bunner and Private McCarthy, U. S. 10th Infantry, accompanied the command to “Camp Taft.” At 5 :20 a. m., the train left Honolulu, arriving- at Wahiawa at 7 :30 a. m. and the command marched six miles to camp, arriving there at 9 :30 a. m.
Upon arrival at camp, details were made for digging latrines, kitchen and police work, and guard established over the water supply.
Instruction in cooking and the issuing of rations to the different companies was given by Sergeant Bunner and Private McCarthy. U. S. 10th Infantry. All companies with the exception of Co. “F” and the Hospital Corps had their noon and evening mess served to them from the officers kitchen for the first day in camp.
However, by 1909 the condition of the National Guard was considerably improved and the regular army encouraged it to hold another camp Moanalua, Oahu, was selected as the site and on February 18th the First Infantry, National Guard of Hawaii, consisting of nine infantry companies and the Hospital Corps, along with a battalion of the 20th Infantry. under the command of Major Samuel W. Dunning, established Camp Sam Damon. The National Guard was given instruction in practical field work and tactics which was much appreciated by the officers and men, who showed a marked improvement in spirit and attention to duty over their attitude of the past few years.
In pursuance of General Orders No. 32, A. G. 0., December 31, 1908, the National Guard of Hawaii went into camp for five days with a battalion of the 20th U. S. Infantry under command of Major Samuel W. Dunning. The camp was established on February 18, 1909, at Moanalua, being designated as “Camp S. M. Damon.” Major Dunning was requested to assume command of the Territorial troops and prescribe instruction and maneuvers therefor.
The instruction given in field work was new to the National Guard of Hawaii, and was much appreciated by the officers and men.
Camp S. M. Damon,
February 17th, 1909.
The following orders and reports show the nature of the instruction :
General Orders:
No. 1.
1. The undersigned hereby assumes command of this camp, which is designated as above.
The following named officers compose the Staff:
First Lieut. J. S. McCleery, Batt. Adjt., 20th Infantry, Adjt Second Lieut. P. G. Wright.son, 20th Infantry, Q. M. & Comsy Major S. H. Wadhams, Medical Corps, Surgeon. Second Lieut. J. A. Rogers, 20th Infantry, Signal Officer.
1. For drills the National Guard will be organized in two battalions, each under a Major.
For field exercises, three battalions will be organized, each. composed of one company regular troops and three companies militia. The senior officer of the regular troops will exercise control by advice and direction to the Battalion Commander but will not take actual command.
Ammunition.
All ball ammunition will be secured by Company Commanders and none allowed at any time in possession of the men.
Guard.
The National Guard will mount a guard for their part of the camp of sufficient size to protect property. Special authority will be obtained to mount a guard for instruction purposes only.
Police and Sanitation.
(a) Grounds occupied by units will be policed by them. Necessary instructions for final disposition of garbage and refuse will be given by the Chief Sanitary Officer.
(b) Officers must insist upon scrupulous cleanliness of the kitchens, cooking utensils and everything connected with the mess. The cooks will be required to be clean in their person and neat in appearance.
(c) The interior of tents will be maintained in a sanitary condition. All clothing and bedding will be frequently aired. Tent walls will be raised during the day, weather permitting.
(d) The senior regular medical officer will act as chief sanitary officer, and will require and direct all other medical officers to assist him.
(e) Sinks will be properly dug and protected as directed by the chief sanitary officer.
(f) To prevent soiling of ground at night, cans will be placed for urinals in convenient places. These will be emptied immediately after Reveille each morning. Urinating on the ground is strictly prohibited.
(g) Galvanized iron cans should be provided, one for dry and the other for wet refuse. Tin cans, bottles, etc., will be placed separately.
(h) Each organization will have designated one place for lavatory purposes and soiled water will be disposed of so as not to create a nuisance.
Memorandum for Officers Accompanying National Guard.
1st Battalion-Company “H,” 20th Infantry, Companies “A,” ”B” and “I,” National .Guard of Hawaii; Major Riley, Comdg., Captain Shipp, 20th Infantry, attached: Proceed toward Fort Shafter; commencing exercises beyond road leading to Dal Lake, returning at such time as will give each company necessary instructions and not interfere or conflict with 2nd Battalion which is operating on Salt Lake road.
2nd Battalion-Company “C,” 20th Infantry, Companies “E,” ”F” and “D,” National Guard of Hawaii; Major Rose, Comdg., Captain Exton, 20th Infantry, attached: Beginning at Camp or thereabouts, proceed via County road and Salt Lake road in direction of Puuloa. The 1st Battalion has instructions with the 2nd Battalion.
3rd Battalion-Company “F,” 20th Infantry, Companies “C,” ‘”L” and “G,” National Guard of Hawaii; Captain Camara, Comdg., Lieut. Chilton, 20th Infantry, attached: Proceed in direction of Aiea and return. Form Advance, Rear and Flank Guards and Patrols, each company being used in turn.
Memorandum for Officers Accompanying National Guard of Hawaii.
1st Battalion-Command (imaginary) in camp near Polo Field; establish outpost to protect against approach of enemy (imaginary) from direction of Aiea.
2nd Battalion-Command (imaginary) in camp near west edge of Camp Damon; establish outpost to protect camp against approach of enemy (imaginary) from Honolulu.
3rd Battalion-Command (imaginary) in camp near Fort Shafter; establish outpost to protect camp against approach of enemy (imaginary) reported at Puuloa; County road is protected by other troops.
Each Battalion will march to designated station; establish outpost for larger independent forces (imaginary); enemy of observation and send out Patrols.
1. So much of paragraph 2, General Orders No. 2, Camp S. M. Damon, February 17th, 1909, as prescribes the exercises for the afternoons of February 20th and 21st, is revoked.
The exercises for the afternoon of February 20th, will consist of formation for attack and Defense by Battalion, and for February 21st, by Regiment. The exercise prescribed for the afternoon of February 20th will be omitted.
Headquarters, 1st Regiment, National Guard of Hawaii, and Companies “A,” “B,” “C,” “E,” “F,” “G” and Hospital Corps Company are relieved from duty at this camp today at 1 :00 p. m.
After camp is struck and packed the ground will be thoroughly policed, latrines and incinerator pit filled in and the camp ground placed in thorough sanitary condition.
The command will be marched to their station, Honolulu, Hawaii as soon as grounds are reported by sanitary officer to be in proper condition.
Sir :-In compliance with Schedule of Instruction for 1908, amended by telegram from your headquarters elated September, 14th, 1908, and war Department January 23rd, 1909, I have the honor to report that Headquarters, F. & S. 2nd Battalion and Companies ‘”F;” ”G” and “H,” 20th Infantry, left Fort Shafter February 17th and went into camp at Moanalua, Hawaii, preparatory to a five days’ encampment with the organized Militia of Hawaii.
The Militia arrived in camp about midnight February 17th, arranged camp and were ready to take up the schedule of instruction prescribed in G. 0. No. 2, elated Camp S. M. Damon, H. T .. February 17th, 1909, on the afternoon of February 18th. The schedule was changed, clue to unforeseen circumstances, so as to omit formation for attack and defense by companies, and the formation for attack and defense by regiment was not held, as the Militia left camp the afternoon the exercise was scheduled to be held.
The regular troops were used purely for instruction purposes, as the militia of this Territory have had little or no field work on open ground and none on varied ground.
The reports marked “A,” “B,” “C,” enclosed herewith explain in detail the scope of work accomplished.
Talks were given the officers by Major Wadhams on Camp Sanitation; Captain Exton on reconnaissance and patrolling; Captain Shipp on orders; Major Dunning on saluting, commands and requirements of officers on drill. The officers were attentive, appreciative, and all, from the Adjutant General down, feel that their time and money has been well spent. All are exceedingly zealous, but require rudimentary instruction in field work.
The conduct of the Militia was exemplary and no complaint could be made. Their camp “‘as kept well policed and in a sanitary condition, and the ground left in perfect condition on breaking camp.
I observed the close order drills, and, although much is lacking in details of command and execution, still all could get through in fair shape and showed improvement.
A review held for the Territorial Legislature was very creditable.
Camp S. M. Damon,
February 21st, 1909.
The Adjutant
Present
Sir :-I have the honor to submit the following report of my observations while accompanying the National Guard in their field exercises during the past three days:
On February 18th, the exercises required the forming of advance, rear and flank guards and patrols, each company being used in turn.
On February 19th, the exercise required the establishment of outposts for larger independent force; companies in turn to take their place on line of observation, and send out patrols.
On February 20th, the exercise required battalion formed as advance guard, from which it was to make an attack of a position, after which disposition was to be made for defense of position.
In the exercise on the 18th, a company of regular troops first took up the formation of advance guard, etc., thus illustrating the method, after which each company of the National Guard, in turn, took up same formation.
All companies showed a greater or less knowledge of the formation, and the method of taking it, but very little knowledge of the purpose of an advance guard and the method of moving in a hostile country. Officers were, with few exceptions, keen and alive to their work and kept their men well in hand, though the efforts of the men to keep in step and be very military almost destroyed their usefulness. All bodies moved too rapidly, especially the flankers, and the various units did not keep in touch properly, or at proper distance. Patrols did not take proper formation, little or no use was made of signals, and there was too much yelling of commands. Sergeants and corporals were not at all familiar with their duties. The company from Hilo was best instructed.
In the exercise of the 19th, a company of regular troops was required to take its place on the line of observation and send out patrols. This it did, forming a line of cossack posts. It was then withdrawn and the three small companies of guardsmen formed on same line. It was found that these companies had never had any instruction whatever in outpost duty. It was therefore quite impracticable to give them any instruction of value within the limited time and in such rough country. I would recommend that they be first taught the formation of an outpost on some open ground, and also the elements of the duties of an outpost.
In the exercise of the 20th, the battalion formed as an advance guard, and at the proper time changed to the attack formation.
The company composing the leading part of the vanguard took a position under cover, when fired upon, and fired upon the enemy’s position while the remaining companies moved under cover to the attack from the left front. Although these companies were assumed to be under cover, they crawled on their hands and knees for nearly three hundred yards. They should have advanced more rapidly while under cover. In other respects the work was well done.
Very respectfuIly,
(Sgd) C. W. EXTON,
Captain, 20th Infantry.
A true copy:
S. W. DUNNING,
Major, 20th Infantry.
Company “H,” 20th Infantry,
Fort Shafter, H. T.
March 18th, 1909.
The Adjutant,
Fort Shafter, H. T.,
Sir :-I have the honor to submit a report of my observations while accompanying the National Guard of Hawaii in their field exercises at Camp Damon, Hawaii:
February 18, 1909, I accompanied Major Riley, National Guard, Hawaii, commanding a Battalion of Companies “A,” “B” and “I,” National Guard, with Company “H,” 20th Infantry, attached. The problem was for each Company successively to act as advance guard, rear guard or flank guard to the other companies. I illustrated positions of tactical components of an advance guard with “H” Company by deploying it on an open plain at reduced distances where all could be seen and explained the object of an advance guard, its duties, etc.
I recalled “H” Company and attached noncommissioned officers of the National Guard to each squad of “H” Company for instruction, and again threw out “H” Company as advance guard for rest of Battalion marching along road toward Honolulu; after going far enough to illustrate duties of flankers, halted and assembled.
Then I requested Major Riley to combine Companies “A” and “I” on account of their small size, and to attach noncommissioned officers of “H” Company to each tactical component and to throw out the combined Companies as an advance guard.
Under the guidance of the noncommissioned officers attached they deployed in fairly good time and took up the normal formation.
In the same way the Companies were shown the rear guard and flank guard mechanism, and were marched in these formations.
The officers and enlisted men of the Guard showed little knowledge of these formations, but were all zealous and eager to learn, and I believe now they could act with much more intelligence along these lines.
February 19th I again accompanied Major Riley; he was commanding the same Battalion as on the previous day.
I assembled the officers and talked briefly on duties of an outpost, illustrating its several components. I requested Major Riley to then establish his Battalion as an outpost for a brigade supposed to be encamped at Mr. Damon’s polo field, the enemy in the direction of Pearl City. This was done, combining the cordon and patrol system.
System of patrolling was explained and duties of each part of the outpost. The Companies were changed from line of observation and resistance so all could have benefit of learning their various functions ..
February 20th, I accompanied Major Rose, commanding a Battalion of four Companies of the National Guard.
This Battalion was marching in advance· guard formation along the County road in the direction of Pearl City and was supposed to be fired upon from the direction of Aiea. Under my advice he made a reconnaissance and attacked with the vanguard as the firing line. The normal attack of a Battalion was then carried out, and on taking the position, the troops were disposed for its defense.
My observation was that the commissioned and enlisted personnel of the National Guard were quite ignorant on field exercises, but all were very anxious to learn, and zealous in their work. I found it of great advantage to attach noncommissioned officers and selected privates of “H” Company, 20th Infantry, to the different components of the Command. In this way the enlisted men of the Guard were better able to learn the duties of a soldier under various conditions.
