28 FEB 1857 – 12 SEP 1873

The men who had belonged to the 1st Hawaiian Guard decided that the only way they had of insuring their own safety was to form a new volunteer company. During the early part of 1857 subscriptions were taken from prominent men in Honolulu to help finance the new company. Kamehameha IV headed the list with a donation of one hundred dollars. On February 28, 1857, a meeting was held over the market and it was decided that a volunteer company of infantry, known as the Honolulu Rifles, would be established:

“for the purpose of defending the property of the town, both public and private, together with the Hves of its citizens, against lawless mobs and disturbers of the peace, composed of seamen or others resorting to this port.”

A constitution was drawn up and an election of officers held. Richard Coady became Captain in command of the company; J. H. Brown, 1st Lieutenant; J. H. Wood, 2nd Lieutenant; and John Ritson, 3rd Lieutenant. By the constitution the membership in the “Rifles” was to be limited to seventyfive. New members and officers were to be elected by popular vote of the entire company. By the end of March enlistment was completed and uniforms and arms had been ordered with the money provided by popular subscription. The uniform” selected was grey, with black trimmings for the enlisted personnel and gilt trimmings for the officers. The hat was of black felt, with a plume similar to those worn by the Russian Rifles, and the arms were the most modern obtainable, being of the type used by the Russians during the Crimean War. A number of musical instruments were also purchased and a fife and drum corps started. The Honolulu Rifles met twice a week and drilled in the large room above the market. The Rifles soon became a fashionable organization and only the socially accepted were allowed to join.

– History of the Hawaii National Guard pp. 16

King Kamehameha V died in 1872 without heir and without having named a successor to the throne. Prince Lunalilo announced that he was the highest chief and should become king. David Kalakaua denied his claims, but was unable to prevent the legislature from electing Lunalilo king in 1873. It is not known to what extent Kalakaua was implicated in the matter, but Lunalilo became suspicious of the loyalty and intentions of the Household Troops.” In the early part of September, 1873, a riot occurred at the Barracks and the soldiers got out of hand. Fearing for his own safety, Lunalilo disbanded the entire regular force, with the exception of the Band, on September 12, 1873, and made no attempt to organize a new guard. Several days later he also disbanded the Honolulu Rifles and the Leleiohoku Guard.

– History of the Hawaii National Guard pp. 17

1883 – AUG 1890

Fortunately, no serious disturbance took place during the early part of Kalakaua’s reign, as the army failed to show signs of improvement. In 1883, however, the old Honolulu Rifles were revived. Two companies known as the Hawaiian Guard had been formed to take the place of the “Rifles” when they were disbanded in 1873, but had never been prominent and soon went out of existence. By 1883 political conditions in the Hawaiian Islands were rapidly reaching a crisis, and many of the white residents felt that a military organization such as the Honolulu Rifles was needed for their own protection. Consequently, some fifty men were enlisted and the “Rifles” revived. They were armed and uniformed with new equipment, purchased from donations given the company by interested business men. William H. Aldrich was elected Captain of the company; J. H. Fisher became 1st Lieutenant; and George McLeod, 2nd Lieutenant. These last two men were destined to become important figures in later Hawaiian military history. The Honolulu Rifles drilled regularly, held target practice and in general conducted themselves in a military manner, so that when trouble came they were prepared.

– History of the Hawaii National Guard pp. 19

The following year an attempt was made to reorganize and improve the army. The king was actively interested in the situation and instructed Major Robert Hoapili Baker, Commander of the Military Forces of the Kingdom of Hawaii, to submit a report to the legislature with recommendations for the improvement of the armed forces. The Major blamed the legislature for failure to appropriate sufficient funds. He said in his report:

“In reality we have none (militia). We have no head and no system . . . This state of things has been allowed to run on until the force is reduced to a mere skeleton. In Legislature after Legislature, certain sums have been voted, barely enough to eke out an existence for an institution representing only in name the military force of the Kingdom . . . . Something more has to be done beyond the appropriation of public funds to provide for the King’s Guard . . . The military force, as it now stands, is composed of one regularly paid company, the King’s Guard, consisting of 58 men, rank and file, and four volunteer companies exhibited on paper.”

The four volunteer companies referred to were the following:

• The Leleiohoku Guard (cavalry) with an enlistment f….. 84
• The Prince’s Own (artrilery) with an enlistment of………….105
• The Mamalahoas (infantry) with an enlistment of……………….. 75
• The Honolulu Rifles (infantry) with an enlistment of……….. 52

Major Baker recommended that a law be passed reorganizing the military forces of the kingdom, in view of the growing importance of Hawaii. He wished to enlarge the King’s Guard and to muster the Prince’s Own and the Mamalahoas into the regular service. The Honolulu Rifles and the Leleiohoku Guard were to remain as volunteer companies but were to be subsidized by the government. All organizations were to be paid and equipped by the government.

– History of the Hawaii National Guard pp. 19-20

The Honolulu Rifles played an important part in this so-called revolution. During the early part of 1887 they had increased their membership to over two hundred and had formed three new companies. When the citizens’ meeting was called, Companies A, B, C and D, Honolulu Rifles, were drawn up outside the armory “with bayonets fixed and each man carrying fifty rounds of ammunition, ready to defend their rights or enforce them.” For several days after this meeting Honolulu was in a state of unrest and the four companies of the “Rifles” patrolled the street. Mr. A. M. Hewett, writing at the time, says:

“Without the assistance of Major V. V. Ashford, who had command of the Honolulu Rifles, order could not have been kept. To the gentlemen who form that corps, the citizens of Honolulu owe a debt of gratitude.
For two days Honolulu was under martial law, and yet the most perfect order was kept.”

– History of the Hawaii National Guard pp. 21

In the meantime, report of the affair had spread throughout Honolulu and a call was sent out for immediate mobilization of the “Rifles.” Com­panies A, B, C and D assembled at the armory and then proceeded to the scene of the action. The insurgents, sensing that a fight was imminent, brought over four field pieces and some ammunition from the Barracks and fortified themselves in the Palace Grounds. Colonel Ashford demanded that they surrender but Wilcox refused and commenced firing at the crowd. A cordon was quickly established around the revolutionists so that they would be unable to retreat.

Wilcox attempted to get the field pieces into action but a withering rifle fire from the volunteers prevented their operating in the open and they soon withdrew to a small building in the Palace Grounds. Here they barricaded themselves and began returning the fire. They kept up an intermittent I fire for the remainder of the day, but as night drew on, and realizing that the advantage lay with the opposition, the revolutionists surrendered. Seven of Wilcox’s followers had been killed and a score injured. Fortunately,
none of the governmental forces had been harmed. . .

Robert Wilcox was keenly disappointed over his failure and felt so bitter towards the Honolulu Rifles that he used his influence with the native element to force the legislature to pass an act disbanding the “Rifles” in August of the following year. They never completely lost their organiza tion, however, as was later shown in the Revolution of 1893.

– History of the Hawaii National Guard pp. 24

Hawaii National Guard turns 100

By Gaye S. Sakamoto

The Hawaii National Guard marked its 100th anniversary, Jan. 27.

Officially recognized by the Provisional Government of Hawaii in 1893, the Hawaii National Guard’s roots date back to the mid-1800s, when Honolulu was a growing port of call for whalers and trading ships worldwide.

Because local law authorities had trouble controlling fights between sailors, a volunteer company of business and community leaders formed the First Hawaiian Guard to control riots that were damaging businesses.

In 1857, former members of the First Hawaiian Guard, with the King’s concurrence, founded a volunteer company called the Honolulu Rifles. In contrast to the King’s Royal Guard, whose mission was to guard the King and palace and performed ceremonial duties, the Honolulu Rifles protected the property of the crown and citizens until disbandment in 1873.

Revived in 1884, the Honolulu Rifles grew from 52 to 272 increasingly reform minded members by 1887.

In November 1887, a group of prominent Caucasian businessmen, known as the Hawaiian League, many of them Honolulu Rifles members, forced King Kalakaua to accept the “Bayonet Constitution,” reducing the king to a ceremonial leader with very little power Meanwhile, the Honolulu Rifles, now the largest military force in Hawaii, patrolled the streets to prevent opposition from citizens.

Three years later, the Honolulu Rifles were again disbanded, leaving the Royal Guard as the sole military force in Hawaii. The Rifles maintained an informal organization, however, which was rapidly pulled together for the overthrow of the monarchy in 1893.

OnJan.17, 1893, Sanford B. Dole and the Committee of Public Safety, including many former Honolulu Rifles members opposed to Queen Lili’uolcalani’s attempt to establish a new constitution (restoring the monarch’s power) signed a proclamation abolishing the Hawaiian Monarchy and establishing a provisional government

A volunteer military force, including former Honolulu Rifles officers commanded by Col. John H. Soper, guarded government buildings and patrolled streets to enforce the proclamation.

Although the Royal Guard, which remained loyal to the Queen. was armed, and the palace fortified, the monarchy was overthrown with only one shot fired. Concerned for the safety of her people and alarmed by the presence of U.S. troops in Honolulu (sent to protect American lives and propeny), the Queen, under protest, yielded power to the U.S. government and appealed for an investigation. The issue resulted in a stalemate in the United States, however, and no action was taken to restore the Monarchy.

On Jan. 18 the Royal Guard was disbanded, and ten days after the overthrow, the National Guard of Hawaii was officially recognized by the Provisional Government. Col. Soper was made commander of the First Battalion of the First Regiment, which consisted of one company of regular troops and three companies of volunteer troops, with up to 101 men each.

The drill shed on the Iolani Palace grounds was reconditioned for use by the volunteers, who drilled once a week. The regulars, who occupied the Iolani Barracks, drilled daily.

During the Provisional Government’s first days, all companies were on active duty to help keep order in the town. When the United States assumed protection of the islands, Feb. 1, the three volunteer companies were relieved from active duty, subject to recall at anytime.

On April 1, U.S. troops withdrew their protection from the Hawaiian islands, and the National Guard of Hawaii took over that responsibility.

Two days after the Repulic of Hawaii was proclaimed, July 4, 1894, Col. Soper became the first adjutant general.

When the U.S. House of Representatives passed the resolution to annex the Republic of Hawaii, June 15, 1898, the Hawaii Guardsmen were required to swear allegiance to the United States. The Guard’s two regular companies and six volunteer companies were a valuable military asset

In its 100 years of existence, the Hawaii National Guard has been called on countless times to provide relief in times of civil disturbance, as in the early days of riot control, or during natural disasters, such as floods and hurricanes, and has faithfully answered the call of the United States during times of war.

Although its part in the overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy casts a shadow over its early years, the Hawaii National Guard can be proud of its history since then and what it has contributed to our state and country today.

– 1993 January – February Pūpūkahi pp. 3

Field and Staff of the Battalion

Company A

Company B

Company C

Company D